CICC科普栏目|Doctor Curious 58: 非粒子物理与非核物理简介发表时间:2025-01-02 15:01 以下文章来源于中国科学院理论物理研究所 ,作者张振华 -作者简介- 张振华,中国科学院理论物理研究所21级博士毕业生 导师:郭奉坤 研究员 研究方向:强子物理 对于粒子物理与原子核物理,相信大家都有所耳闻。原子核物理已经以核电的形式进入到了我们的生产和生活当中,而粒子物理近年来也活跃在各种科普文章和讲座中。特别是2012-2013年“上帝粒子”Higgs玻色子的发现,为粒子物理标准模型补齐了最后一块拼图。本文将介绍的非粒子(unparticle)物理和非核(unnuclear)物理,可能就不为大家所熟知了。这里的非粒子与非核并不是指粒子物理与原子核物理以外的如凝聚态物理、原子分子光学、引力与宇宙学、天体物理等其他物理方向,而是指粒子物理中与传统粒子图像非常不同的一种粒子存在形式。 ![]() 图1: 相互作用场论中典型的Källén-Lehmann谱密度函数
![]() 图2: 包含非粒子交换的Drell-Yan过程末态轻子对不变质量谱与标准模型预言不变质量谱的相对偏差。图片取自文献[6]。 ![]() 图3: 非粒子衰变的末态事例数随 Georgi[4]首次以
![]() 右:两中子与三中子形成的非核的产生过程。中:非核产生过程中的末态不变质量谱的标度行为。左:两中子与三中子在简谐势阱中的基态束缚能。图片取自文献[17]。 前面已经提到非相对论的非粒子在自然界是近似存在的,只需满足粒子相互作用的低能散射长度远大于系统中如粒子大小与有效力程等的其他标度。中子-中子散射长度 参考文献 [1] T. Chen, [Online], https://www.zhihu.com/question/482603268/answer/3586374335 (2024). [2] H. Georgi, Unparticle physics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 221601. arXiv:hep-ph/0703260, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.221601. [3] A. Gehrmann-De Ridder, T. Gehrmann, G. Heinrich, Four particle phase space integrals in massless QCD, Nucl. Phys. B 682 (2004) 265–288. arXiv:hep-ph/0311276, doi:10.1016/ j.nuclphysb.2004.01.023. [4] H. Georgi, Another odd thing about unparticle physics, Phys. Lett. B 650 (2007) 275–278. arXiv:0704.2457, doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2007.05.037. [5] M. A. Stephanov, Deconstruction of Unparticles, Phys. Rev. D 76 (2007) 035008. arXiv: 0705.3049, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.035008. [6] A. Rajaraman, On the Decay of Unparticles, Phys. Lett. B 671 (2009) 411–414. arXiv: 0806.1533, doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.11.069. [7] K. Cheung, W.-Y. Keung, T.-C. Yuan, Collider signals of unparticle physics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) 051803. arXiv:0704.2588, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.051803. [8] P. J. Fox, A. Rajaraman, Y. Shirman, Bounds on Unparticles from the Higgs Sector, Phys. Rev. D 76 (2007) 075004. arXiv:0705.3092, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.075004. [9] A. Delgado, J. R. Espinosa, M. Quiros, Unparticles Higgs Interplay, JHEP 10 (2007) 094. arXiv:0707.4309, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2007/10/094. [10] T. Kikuchi, N. Okada, Unparticle physics and Higgs phenomenology, Phys. Lett. B 661 (2008) 360–364. arXiv:0707.0893, doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.02.041. [11] K. Cheung, W.-Y. Keung, T.-C. Yuan, Unparticle Phenomenology: A Mini Review, AIP Conf. Proc. 1078 (1) (2009) 156–161. arXiv:0809.0995, doi:10.1063/1.3051898. [12] A. Rajaraman, Aspects of Unparticle Physics, AIP Conf. Proc. 1078 (1) (2009) 63–66. arXiv:0809.5092, doi:10.1063/1.3052052. [13] V. Khachatryan, et al., Search for dark matter, extra dimensions, and unparticles in monojet events in proton–proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV, Eur. Phys. J. C 75 (5) (2015) 235. arXiv:1408.3583, doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3451-4. [14] V. Khachatryan, et al., Search for dark matter and unparticles produced in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV, Phys. Rev. D 93 (5) (2016) 052011, [Erratum: Phys.Rev.D 97, 099903 (2018)]. arXiv:1511.09375, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD. 93.052011. [15] A. M. Sirunyan, et al., Search for dark matter and unparticles in events with a Z boson and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV, JHEP 03 (2017) 061, [Erratum: JHEP 09, 106 (2017)]. arXiv:1701.02042, doi:10.1007/JHEP03(2017) 061. [16] H.-W. Hammer, D. T. Son, Unnuclear physics, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 118 (2021) e2108716118. arXiv:2103.12610, doi:10.1073/pnas.2108716118. [17] T. Schaefer, G. Baym, From nuclear to unnuclear physics, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (9 2021). arXiv:2109.06924, doi:10.1073/pnas.2113775118. [18] C. R. Hagen, Scale and conformal transformations in galilean-covariant field theory, Phys. Rev. D 5 (1972) 377–388. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.5.377. [19] U. Niederer, The maximal kinematical invariance group of the free Schrodinger equation., Helv. Phys. Acta 45 (1972) 802–810. doi:10.5169/seals-114417. [20] T. Mehen, I. W. Stewart, M. B. Wise, Conformal invariance for nonrelativistic field theory, Phys. Lett. B 474 (2000) 145–152. arXiv:hep-th/9910025, doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(00) 00006-X. [21] Y. Nishida, D. T. Son, Nonrelativistic conformal field theories, Phys. Rev. D 76 (2007) 086004. arXiv:0706.3746, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.086004. [22] S. K. Choi, et al., Observation of a narrow charmonium-like state in exclusive B± → K±π+π−J/ψ decays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 262001. arXiv:hep-ex/0309032, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.262001. [23] R. Aaij, et al., Study of the lineshape of the χc1(3872) state, Phys. Rev. D 102 (9) (2020) 092005. arXiv:2005.13419, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.102.092005. [24] R. Aaij, et al., Study of the ψ2(3823) and χc1(3872) states in B+ → (Jψπ+π−)K+ decays, JHEP 08 (2020) 123. arXiv:2005.13422, doi:10.1007/JHEP08(2020)123. [25] Y. S. Kalashnikova, A. V. Nefediev, X(3872) in the molecular model, Phys. Usp. 62 (6) (2019) 568–595. arXiv:1811.01324, doi:10.3367/UFNe.2018.08.038411. [26] E. Braaten, H.-W. Hammer, Interpretation of Neutral Charm Mesons near Threshold as Unparticles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 (3) (2022) 032002. arXiv:2107.02831, doi:10.1103/ PhysRevLett.128.032002. |